R&D expenditure, total
Expenditure on R&D in the Länder (in billion euros) and as a percentage of GDP, 2023
| Land | in % | in billion Euro |
|---|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 5.71 | 36.10 |
| Bavaria | 3.41 | 26.41 |
| Berlin | 3.07 | 6.10 |
| Brandenburg | 1.48 | 1.43 |
| Bremen | 2.84 | 1.15 |
| Hamburg | 2.65 | 4.10 |
| Hesse | 3.01 | 10.68 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 1.37 | 0.81 |
| Lower Saxony | 2.74 | 10.10 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 2.28 | 19.39 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 3.56 | 6.43 |
| Saarland | 1.64 | 0.69 |
| Saxony | 2.26 | 3.57 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 1.44 | 1.14 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 1.53 | 1.87 |
| Thuringia | 2.60 | 1.99 |
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Gross domestic expenditure on R&D represents all funds used to carry out domestic R&D, regardless of the source of funding. The ratio of R&D expenditure to gross domestic product (GDP) is known as R&D intensity.
R&D expenditure, higher education
R&D expenditure at universities (in billion euros) and as a percentage of GDP, 2023
| Land | in % | in billion Euro |
|---|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 0.51 | 3.21 |
| Bavaria | 0.47 | 3.61 |
| Berlin | 0.86 | 1.70 |
| Brandenburg | 0.42 | 0.40 |
| Bremen | 0.71 | 0.29 |
| Hamburg | 0.58 | 0.89 |
| Hesse | 0.47 | 1.67 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 0.58 | 0.35 |
| Lower Saxony | 0.50 | 1.84 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 0.58 | 4.97 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 0.45 | 0.81 |
| Saarland | 0.63 | 0.27 |
| Saxony | 0.82 | 1.30 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 0.62 | 0.49 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 0.46 | 0.57 |
| Thuringia | 0.87 | 0.67 |
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Higher education expenditure on R&D represents the component of gross domestic expenditure on R&D incurred by units in the higher education sector. The higher education sector includes all universities, universities of applied sciences and other institutions providing formal tertiary education programmes, whatever their source of finance or legal status, and all research institutes, research centres, experimental stations and clinics that have their R&D activities under the direct control of, or are administered by, tertiary education institutions.
R&D expenditure, government
Expenditure on R&D at non-university research institutions (in billion euros) and as a percentage of GDP, 2023
| Land | in % | in billion Euro |
|---|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 0.42 | 2.67 |
| Bavaria | 0.33 | 2.57 |
| Berlin | 1.09 | 2.17 |
| Brandenburg | 0.75 | 0.72 |
| Bremen | 1.29 | 0.52 |
| Hamburg | 0.40 | 0.61 |
| Hesse | 0.33 | 1.17 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 0.60 | 0.35 |
| Lower Saxony | 0.37 | 1.38 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 0.36 | 3.05 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 0.22 | 0.39 |
| Saarland | 0.52 | 0.22 |
| Saxony | 0.78 | 1.24 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 0.50 | 0.39 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 0.44 | 0.54 |
| Thuringia | 0.60 | 0.45 |
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Government expenditure on R&D represents the component of gross domestic expenditure on R&D incurred by units belonging to the government sector. The government sector includes all units of central, regional or local government (i.e. federal, state, local government), with the exception of those units that provide higher education services, as well as all non-market, non-profit institutions controlled by government units which are not part of the higher education sector.
R&D expenditure, business enterprise
Intramural business enterprise expenditure on R&D by state of residence of the research institution (in billion euros) and as a percentage of GDP, 2023
| Land | in % | in billion Euro |
|---|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 4.78 | 30.21 |
| Bavaria | 2.61 | 20.23 |
| Berlin | 1.12 | 2.21 |
| Brandenburg | 0.31 | 0.30 |
| Bremen | 0.84 | 0.34 |
| Hamburg | 1.67 | 2.58 |
| Hesse | 2.21 | 7.85 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 0.19 | 0.11 |
| Lower Saxony | 1.87 | 6.89 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 1.33 | 11.36 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 2.90 | 5.23 |
| Saarland | 0.49 | 0.21 |
| Saxony | 0.65 | 1.03 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 0.32 | 0.26 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 0.62 | 0.76 |
| Thuringia | 1.12 | 0.86 |
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Business enterprise expenditure on R&D represents the component of gross domestic expenditure on R&D incurred by units belonging to the business enterprise sector. The business enterprise sector includes all resident corporations, legally unincorporated branches of non-resident enterprises, and all resident non-profit institutions that are market producers of goods or services or serve businesses. This sector comprises both private and public enterprises.
R&D personnel, total
R&D persons employed in full-time equivalents (FTE) and in FTE per thousand employed persons, 2023
| Land | in FTE per thousand employed persons | in FTE |
|---|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 33.23 | 213,376 |
| Bavaria | 20.63 | 162,211 |
| Berlin | 20.72 | 45,388 |
| Brandenburg | 9.88 | 11,326 |
| Bremen | 17.38 | 7,720 |
| Hamburg | 17.73 | 23,938 |
| Hesse | 17.96 | 64,778 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 8.27 | 6,302 |
| Lower Saxony | 15.53 | 65,844 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 12.71 | 124,926 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 14.32 | 29,570 |
| Saarland | 10.44 | 5,497 |
| Saxony | 13.75 | 28,514 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 8.29 | 8,240 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 8.64 | 12,750 |
| Thuringia | 13.21 | 13,557 |
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The R&D personnel of a statistical unit includes all persons engaged directly in R&D. R&D personnel can be divided into three categories: researchers, technicians and other supporting staff. Full-time equivalent (FTE) of R&D personnel is defined as the ratio of working hours actually spent on R&D during a specific reference period (usually a calendar year) divided by the total number of hours conventionally worked in the same period by an individual or by a group.
R&D personnel, higher education
R&D personnel in higher education in full-time equivalents (FTE), 2023
| Land | in FTE |
|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 23,868 |
| Bavaria | 26,668 |
| Berlin | 10,984 |
| Brandenburg | 3,200 |
| Bremen | 2,003 |
| Hamburg | 5,703 |
| Hesse | 10,043 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 2,589 |
| Lower Saxony | 12,543 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 32,307 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 6,196 |
| Saarland | 1,789 |
| Saxony | 9,793 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 3,152 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 3,206 |
| Thuringia | 3,769 |
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The R&D personnel of a statistical unit includes all persons engaged directly in R&D. The higher education sector includes all universities, universities of applied sciences and other institutions providing formal tertiary education programmes, whatever their source of finance or legal status, and all research institutes, research centres, experimental stations and clinics that have their R&D activities under the direct control of, or are administered by, tertiary education institutions.
R&D personnel, government
R&D personnel in non-university research institutions in full-time equivalents (FTE), 2023
| Land | in FTE |
|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 18,630 |
| Bavaria | 16,487 |
| Berlin | 13,982 |
| Brandenburg | 4,814 |
| Bremen | 3,059 |
| Hamburg | 4,360 |
| Hesse | 5,927 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 2,431 |
| Lower Saxony | 9,325 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 21,862 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 2,684 |
| Saarland | 1,642 |
| Saxony | 8,859 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 2,819 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 2,808 |
| Thuringia | 3,016 |
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The R&D personnel of a statistical unit includes all persons engaged directly in R&D. The government sector comprises all units of central, regional or local government (i.e. federal, state, local government), with the exception of those units that provide higher education services, as well as all non-market, non-profit institutions controlled by government units which are not part of the higher education sector.
R&D personnel, business enterprise
R&D personnel in the business enterprise sector in full-time equivalents (FTE), 2023
| Land | in FTE |
|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 170,877 |
| Bavaria | 119,056 |
| Berlin | 20,422 |
| Brandenburg | 3,312 |
| Bremen | 2,658 |
| Hamburg | 13,875 |
| Hesse | 48,808 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 1,282 |
| Lower Saxony | 43,975 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 70,794 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 20,690 |
| Saarland | 2,066 |
| Saxony | 9,862 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 2,269 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 6,736 |
| Thuringia | 6,771 |
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The R&D personnel of a statistical unit includes all persons engaged directly in R&D. The business enterprise sector includes all resident corporations, legally unincorporated branches of non-resident enterprises, and all resident non-profit institutions that are market producers of goods or services or serve businesses. This sector comprises both private and public enterprises.
Patent density
Patent applications at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office by applicant’s state of residence (applications per 1 million inhabitants, patent density), 2024
| Land | per 1 million inhab. |
|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 1,370 |
| Bavaria | 850 |
| Berlin | 120 |
| Brandenburg | 80 |
| Bremen | 200 |
| Hamburg | 230 |
| Hesse | 160 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 40 |
| Lower Saxony | 380 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 290 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 160 |
| Saarland | 110 |
| Saxony | 130 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 40 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 140 |
| Thuringia | 250 |
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The indicator includes patent applications at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office (national applications and DPMA-PCT national phase). Allocation according to Länder is made by the applicant’s registered office. The German Patent and Trade Mark Office publishes these figures annually.
Doctorates
Successful completion of degree by state and combined final examinations, 2023
| Land | Number |
|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 4,200 |
| Bavaria | 4,843 |
| Berlin | 1,685 |
| Brandenburg | 386 |
| Bremen | 254 |
| Hamburg | 965 |
| Hesse | 2,170 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 489 |
| Lower Saxony | 2,171 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 5,521 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 812 |
| Saarland | 71 |
| Saxony | 1,483 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 462 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 435 |
| Thuringia | 623 |
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The indicator Doctorates covers all completed doctoral proceedings at German universities in one year. The German Federal Statistical Office publishes these figures annually.
Start-up rate, R&D intensive industries
Number of start-up businesses as a percentage of the total number of companies, 2021-2023
| Land | in % |
|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 2.05 |
| Bavaria | 2.59 |
| Berlin | 3.71 |
| Brandenburg | 2.79 |
| Bremen | 1.86 |
| Hamburg | 3.09 |
| Hesse | 2.36 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 2.53 |
| Lower Saxony | 2.57 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 2.37 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 2.24 |
| Saarland | 2.08 |
| Saxony | 2.41 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 1.99 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 2.52 |
| Thuringia | 1.37 |
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Start-up rate is the number of start-up businesses in one year as a percentage of the average number of companies in the same year. R&D intensive industry comprises of high-value technologies and cutting-edge technologies.
Start-up rate, knowledge-intensive services
Number of start-up businesses as a percentage of the total number of companies, 2021-2023
| Land | in % |
|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 4.75 |
| Bavaria | 5.39 |
| Berlin | 7.06 |
| Brandenburg | 4.90 |
| Bremen | 5.28 |
| Hamburg | 5.12 |
| Hesse | 4.67 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 4.68 |
| Lower Saxony | 4.83 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 5.00 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 4.68 |
| Saarland | 5.18 |
| Saxony | 4.32 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 3.75 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 5.21 |
| Thuringia | 3.32 |
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Start-up rate is the number of start-up businesses in one year as a percentage of the average number of companies in the same year. Knowledge-intensive services typically includes sectors such as IT/telecommunication, technical/R&D-services and management consultancy/marketing.
Population
Annual average population (in million inhabitants), 2024
| Land | in million inhab. |
|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 11.35 |
| Bavaria | 13.46 |
| Berlin | 3.79 |
| Brandenburg | 2.58 |
| Bremen | 0.69 |
| Hamburg | 1.92 |
| Hesse | 6.43 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 1.63 |
| Lower Saxony | 8.16 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 18.20 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 4.18 |
| Saarland | 0.99 |
| Saxony | 4.08 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 2.17 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 2.97 |
| Thuringia | 2.12 |
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Total number of inhabitants of a given area.
Federal Statistical Office and the Statistical Offices of the federal states, National Accounting by the Länder. 2025
Gross Domestic Product
GDP of the Länder (in billion euros and in euros per inhabitant), 2024
| Land | in Euro per inhab. | in billion Euro |
|---|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 57,294 | 650.2 |
| Bavaria | 58,817 | 791.6 |
| Berlin | 54,607 | 207.1 |
| Brandenburg | 37,774 | 97.5 |
| Bremen | 59,785 | 41.4 |
| Hamburg | 84,486 | 161.9 |
| Hesse | 57,288 | 368.3 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 37,656 | 61.2 |
| Lower Saxony | 46,706 | 381.3 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 47,916 | 871.9 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 44,046 | 184.0 |
| Saarland | 42,877 | 42.6 |
| Saxony | 39,667 | 161.9 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 36,517 | 79.4 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 42,705 | 126.8 |
| Thuringia | 36,942 | 78.2 |
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The gross domestic product is the value of the domestic output of an economy in a given period.
Federal Statistical Office and the Statistical Offices of the federal states, National Accounting by the Länder. 2025
Gross Domestic Product, growth rate of GDP
Growth rate of GDP (percentage year-on-year), 2024
| Land | in % |
|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 3.0 |
| Bavaria | 2.3 |
| Berlin | 4.6 |
| Brandenburg | 1.1 |
| Bremen | 2.5 |
| Hamburg | 5.3 |
| Hesse | 3.9 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 3.5 |
| Lower Saxony | 3.3 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 2.4 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 1.9 |
| Saarland | 1.2 |
| Saxony | 2.5 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 1.1 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 3.8 |
| Thuringia | 1.8 |
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The gross domestic product is the value of the domestic output of an economy in a given period.
Federal Statistical Office and the Statistical Offices of the federal states, National Accounting by the Länder. 2025
Employment in technology and knowledge-intensive sectors, total
Employment in technology and knowledge-intensive sectors (persons and percentage of total employment), 2024
| Land | in % | Number |
|---|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg | 7.1 | 425,800 |
| Bavaria | 6.6 | 467,300 |
| Berlin | 9.7 | 181,100 |
| Brandenburg | 4.3 | 53,700 |
| Bremen | 5.4 | 18,200 |
| Hamburg | 7.1 | 69,700 |
| Hesse | 6.1 | 193,300 |
| Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania | 2.5 | 18,600 |
| Lower Saxony | 4.1 | 168,000 |
| North Rhine-Westphalia | 5 | 449,000 |
| Rhineland-Palatinate | 5.3 | 112,800 |
| Saarland | 4.9 | 23,600 |
| Saxony | 5.9 | 113,800 |
| Saxony-Anhalt | 3.3 | 32,900 |
| Schleswig-Holstein | 3.7 | 54,300 |
| Thuringia | 4.9 | 49,400 |
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Cutting-edge technologies comprise of high-technology manufacturing industry and high-technology knowledge-intensive services.